Optimal Recruitment Relaunch: More Panels, Better Quality, Zero Hassle

Investing in prototype testing and user-focused design isn't just about creating better products—it's a proven strategy to save costs, accelerate timelines, and drive customer loyalty. According to Forrester Research, companies that incorporate prototype testing in their design process can reduce development costs by 33% and cut collaboration time by 25%. UX-focused companies also see products hit the market 50% faster and loyalty rise by 240% (Forrester Research, Nielsen Norman Group)!

‍

Whether you're refining user flows, testing new concepts, or optimizing your onboarding experience or conversion flows, prototype testing helps ensure your designs hit the mark—before you invest too heavily in the build.

‍

With those benefits in mind, let's dive into how prototype testing can help you deliver user-centered designs efficiently and effectively. 

‍

Common Use Cases for Prototype Testing
‍

1. Test Onboarding and Sign-Up Flows
   How intuitive is your onboarding process? Prototype testing can help identify friction points, ensuring users can navigate and complete sign-ups seamlessly. For example, you can simulate different scenarios to determine whether users can easily register, set up accounts, or retrieve forgotten passwords.
   
   
2. A/B Test Email Designs
   Test different layouts, calls-to-action (CTAs), or visual elements in your email prototypes to discover what resonates best with your audience. Measure metrics like click-through rates or time spent engaging with content to refine your design.
   
   
3. Evaluate User Flows and Wireframes
   Whether you're testing a new feature, redesigning a user journey, or validating a wireframe, prototype testing gives you real-world insights. Observe how users interact with your design and identify areas for improvement before you move to development.
   
   
4. Test Concepts
   Before launching a new idea, validate it through prototype testing. Let users interact with your concept to gauge feasibility and potential impact. This can save time and resources by helping you focus on ideas that resonate.
   
   
5. Evaluate Conversion Flows
   Are users completing purchases or achieving desired outcomes? Use prototype testing to analyze conversion flows and pinpoint where users drop off. From landing pages to payment processes, you can optimize every step for success.
   
   
6. Test User Interfaces (UI)
   Ensure your UI elements—buttons, navigation menus, or forms—are intuitive and accessible. Prototype testing can help you identify design inconsistencies or usability challenges early in the process.
   
   
7. Conduct Usability Tests
   Have a new feature in development? Prototype testing lets you see how users interact with it, revealing insights that can guide refinements and improve overall satisfaction.

‍

Real-Life Prototype Testing Scenarios

Airline
Imagine your flight has been canceled. Ask how your customers self-service on the airline website to find new flight options. 

Bank
Have a prospect or customer interact with a prototype to open a business account online. Uncover usability issues and streamline the process.

Insurance
Imagine you’re interested in switching car insurance. Explore how intuitive it is for customers to view coverage details in an app, helping insurers improve navigation and accessibility.

‍

Prototype Testing Analysis & Insights

Optimal’s prototype testing gives you a variety of analysis options to help you to evaluate the effectiveness and usability of your prototypes. Use these to see exactly how users navigate, where they face challenges, and what areas are proving to be successful.
‍

• Task-based scenarios: Observe how users complete tasks like purchasing a product or updating account settings and set correction paths and destinations.
  ‍
• Clickmaps: See how users navigate and locate information. See hits and misses on designated clickable areas, average task completion times, and heatmaps showing where users believed the next steps to be.
  ‍
• Task results: Gather insights into how long it took to take a task (time taken), misclicks, directness score (considering backtracks or incorrect pathways), and success score.
  ‍
• Participant paths: The Paths tab provides a powerful visualization, including thumbnails, to understand and identify common navigation patterns and potential obstacles participants encounter while completing tasks.
  ‍
• Video, audio, and/or screen recording: See how your users interact with and respond to your prototype. Listen to their thought process and pick up on nonverbal cues, like hesitation, frustration, or confusion to pinpoint areas for improvement or exploration.  

Ready to use prototype testing to help your team reduce development costs and get a faster time to market? Get started in your account by creating a new prototype test.

Not yet a user of Optimal? Sign up for a free 7-day trial.

For those new to the qualitative research space, there’s one question that’s usually pretty tough to figure out, and that’s the question of how many participants to include in a study. Regardless of whether it’s research as part of the discovery phase for a new product, or perhaps an in-depth canvas of the users of an existing service, researchers can often find it difficult to agree on the numbers. So is there an easy answer? Let’s find out.

‍

Here, we’ll look into the right number of participants for qualitative research studies. If you want to know about participants for quantitative research, read Nielsen Norman Group’s article.

‍

‍

Getting the numbers right

‍

So you need to run a series of user interviews or usability tests and aren’t sure exactly how many people you should reach out to. It can be a tricky situation – especially for those without much experience. Do you test a small selection of 1 or 2 people to make the recruitment process easier? Or, do you go big and test with a series of 10 people over the course of a month? The answer lies somewhere in between.

‍

It’s often a good idea (for qualitative research methods like interviews and usability tests) to start with 5 participants and then scale up by a further 5 based on how complicated the subject matter is. You may also find it helpful to add additional participants if you’re new to user research or you’re working in a new area.

‍

What you’re actually looking for here is what’s known as saturation.

‍

‍

Understanding saturation

‍

Whether it’s qualitative research as part of a master’s thesis or as research for a new online dating app, saturation is the best metric you can use to identify when you’ve hit the right number of participants.

‍

In a nutshell, saturation is when you’ve reached the point where adding further participants doesn’t give you any further insights. It’s true that you may still pick up on the occasional interesting detail, but all of your big revelations and learnings have come and gone. A good measure is to sit down after each session with a participant and analyze the number of new insights you’ve noted down.

‍

Interestingly, in a paper titled How Many Interviews Are Enough?, authors Greg Guest, Arwen Bunce and Laura Johnson noted that saturation usually occurs with around 12 participants in homogeneous groups (meaning people in the same role at an organization, for example). However, carrying out ethnographic research on a larger domain with a diverse set of participants will almost certainly require a larger sample.

‍

‍

Ensuring you’ve hit the right number of participants

‍

How do you know when you’ve reached saturation point? You have to keep conducting interviews or usability tests until you’re no longer uncovering new insights or concepts.

‍

While this may seem to run counter to the idea of just gathering as much data from as many people as possible, there’s a strong case for focusing on a smaller group of participants. In The logic of small samples in interview-based, authors Mira Crouch and Heather McKenzie note that using fewer than 20 participants during a qualitative research study will result in better data. Why? With a smaller group, it’s easier for you (the researcher) to build strong close relationships with your participants, which in turn leads to more natural conversations and better data.

‍

There's also a school of thought that you should interview 5 or so people per persona. For example, if you're working in a company that has well-defined personas, you might want to use those as a basis for your study, and then you would interview 5 people based on each persona. This maybe worth considering or particularly important when you have a product that has very distinct user groups (e.g. students and staff, teachers and parents etc).

‍

‍

How your domain affects sample size

‍

The scope of the topic you’re researching will change the amount of information you’ll need to gather before you’ve hit the saturation point. Your topic is also commonly referred to as the domain.

‍

If you’re working in quite a confined domain, for example, a single screen of a mobile app or a very specific scenario, you’ll likely find interviews with 5 participants to be perfectly fine. Moving into more complicated domains, like the entire checkout process for an online shopping app, will push up your sample size.

‍

As Mitchel Seaman notes: “Exploring a big issue like young peoples’ opinions about healthcare coverage, a broad emotional issue like postmarital sexuality, or a poorly-understood domain for your team like mobile device use in another country can drastically increase the number of interviews you’ll want to conduct.”

‍

‍

In-person or remote

‍

Does the location of your participants change the number you need for qualitative user research? Well, not really – but there are other factors to consider.

‍

• Budget: If you choose to conduct remote interviews/usability tests, you’ll likely find you’ve got lower costs as you won’t need to travel to your participants or have them travel to you. This also affects…
• Participant access: Remote qualitative research can be a lifesaver when it comes to participant access. No longer are you confined to the people you have physical access to — instead you can reach out to anyone you’d like.
• Quality: On the other hand, remote research does have its downsides. For one, you’ll likely find you’re not able to build the same kinds of relationships over the internet or phone as those in person, which in turn means you never quite get the same level of insights.

‍

‍

Is there value in outsourcing recruitment?

‍

Recruitment is understandably an intensive logistical exercise with many moving parts. If you’ve ever had to recruit people for a study before, you’ll understand the need for long lead times (to ensure you have enough participants for the project) and the countless long email chains as you discuss suitable times.

‍

Outsourcing your participant recruitment is just one way to lighten the logistical load during your research. Instead of having to go out and look for participants, you have them essentially delivered to you in the right number and with the right attributes.

‍

We’ve got one such service at Optimal Workshop, which means it’s the perfect accompaniment if you’re also using our platform of UX tools. Read more about that here.

‍

‍

Wrap-up

‍

So that’s really most of what there is to know about participant recruitment in a qualitative research context. As we said at the start, while it can appear quite tricky to figure out exactly how many people you need to recruit, it’s actually not all that difficult in reality.

‍

Overall, the number of participants you need for your qualitative research can depend on your project among other factors. It’s important to keep saturation in mind, as well as the locale of participants. You also need to get the most you can out of what’s available to you. Remember: Some research is better than none!

Qualitative user research is about exploration. Exploration is about the journey, not only the destination (or outcome). Gaining information and insights about your users through interviews, usability testing, contextual, observations and diary entries. Using these qualitative research methods to not only answer your direct queries, but to uncover and unravel your users ‘why’.

‍

It can be important to use qualitative research to really dig deep, get to know your users and get inside their heads, and their reasons. Creating intuitive and engaging products that deliver the best user experience. 

‍

What is qualitative research? 🔎

‍

The term ‘qualitative’ refers to things that cannot be measured numerically and qualitative user research is no exception. Qualitative research is primarily an exploratory research method that is typically done early in the design process and is useful for uncovering insights into people’s thoughts, opinions, and motivations. It allows us to gain a deeper understanding of problems and provides answers to questions we didn’t know we needed to ask. 

‍

Qualitative research could be considered the ‘why’. Where quantitative user research uncovers the how or the what users want. Qualitative user research will uncover why they make decisions (and possibly much more).

‍

Priorities ⚡⚡⚡⚡

‍

When undertaking user research it is great to do a mix of quantitative and qualitative research. Which will round out the numbers with human driven insights.

‍

Quantitative user research methods, such as card sorting or tree testing, will answer the ‘what’ your users want, and provide data to support this. These insights are number driven and are based on testing direct interaction with your product. This is super valuable to report to stakeholders. Hard data is difficult to argue what changes need to be made to how your information architecture (IA) is ordered, sorted or designed. To find out more about the quantitative research options, take a read.

‍

Qualitative user research, on the other hand, may uncover a deeper understanding of ‘why’ your users want the IA ordered, sorted or designed a certain way.  The devil is in the detail afterall and great user insights are discoverable. 

‍

Priorities for your qualitative research needs to be less about the numbers, and more on discovering your users ‘why’. Observing, listening, questioning and looking at reasons for users decisions will provide valuable insights for product design and ultimately improve user experience.

‍

Usability Testing - this research method is used to evaluate how easy and intuitive a product is to use.  Observing, noting and watching the participant complete tasks without interference or questions can uncover a lot of insights that data alone can’t give. This method can be done in a couple of ways, moderated or unmoderated. While it can be quicker to do unmoderated and easier to arrange, the deep insights will come out of moderated testing. 

‍

Observational - with this qualitative research method your insights will be uncovered from observing and noting what the participant is doing, paying particular attention to their non-verbal communication. Where do they demonstrate frustration, or turn away from the task, or change their approach? Factual note taking, meaning there shouldn’t be any opinions attached to what is being observed, is important to keep the insights unbiased.

‍

Contextual - paying attention to the context in which the interview or testing is done is important. Is it hot, loud, cold or is the screen of their laptop covered in post-its that make it difficult to see? Or do they struggle with navigating using the laptop tracker? All of this noted, in a factual manner, without personal inferring or added opinion based observations can give a window into why the participant struggled or was frustrated at any point.

‍

These research methods can be done as purely observational research (you don’t interview or converse with your participant) and noting how they interact (more interested in the process than the outcome of their product interaction). Or, these qualitative research methods can be coupled with an

‍

Interview - a series of questions asked around a particular task or product. Careful note taking around what the participant says as well as noting any observations. This method should allow a conversation to flow. Whilst the interviewer should be prepared with a list of questions around their topic, remain flexible enough to dig deeper where there might be details or insights of interest. An interviewer that is comfortable in getting to know their participants unpicks reservations and allows a flow of conversation, and generates amazing insights.

‍

With an interview it can be of use to have a second person in the room to act as the note taker. This can free up the interviewer to engage with the participant and unpick the insights.

‍

Using a great note taking side kick, like our Reframer, can take the pain out of recording all these juicy and deep insights. Time-stamping, audio or video recordings and notes all stored in one place. Easily accessed by the team, reviewed, reports generated and stored for later.

‍

Let’s consider 🤔

‍

You’re creating a new app to support your gym and it’s website. You’re looking to generate personal training bookings, allow members to book classes or have updates and personalise communication for your members. But before investing in final development it needs to be tested. How do your users interact with it? Why would they want to? Does it behave in a way that improves the user experience? Or does it simply not deliver? But why?

‍

First off, using quantitative research like Chalkmark would show how the interface is working. Where are users clicking, where do they go after that. Is it simple to use? You now have direct data that supports your questions, or possibly suggests a change of design to support quicker task completion, or further engagement.

‍

While all of this is great data for the design, does it dig deep enough to really get an understanding of why your users are frustrated? Do they find what they need quickly? Or get completely lost? Finding out these insights and improving on them can make the most of your users’ experience.

‍

When quantitative research is coupled with robust qualitative research that prioritizes an in-depth understanding of what your users need, ultimately the app can make the most of your users’ experience.

‍

Using moderated usability testing for your gym app, observations can be made about how the participant interacts with the interface. Where do they struggle, get lost, or where do they complete a task quickly and simply. This type of research enhances the quantitative data and gives insight into where and why the app is or isn't performing.

‍

Then interviewing participants about why they make decisions on the app, how they use it and why they would use it. These focussed questions, with some free flow conversation will round out your research. Giving valuable insights that can be reviewed, analyzed and reported to the product team and key stakeholders. Focussing the outcome, and designing a product that delivers on not just what users need, but in-depth understand of why. 

‍

Wrap Up 🥙

‍

Quantitative and qualitative user research do work hand in hand, each offering a side to the same coin. Hard number driven data with quantitative user research will deliver the what needs to be addressed. With focussed quantitative research it is possible to really get a handle on why your users interact with your product in a certain way, and how. 

‍

The Optimal Workshop platform has all the tools, research methods and even the note taking tools you need to get started with your user research, now, not next week! See you soon.